David Schwartz, in his analysis of Mill’s Utilitarianism,
links the distinction Mill made between higher and lower pleasures and
contemporary sports. While this distinction, as Schwartz points out, was at
first made to silence critics who wanted to place humans on the level of
nothing but pleasure-seeking animalistic creatures, Mill’s distinction made it
so that “a higher pleasure can never be duplicated through the simple
aggregation of lower pleasures.”
At
first, this appears to lend that contemporary sports, or in the case of Rocky
IV, boxing, are nothing but lower pleasures that are confined to brute
physicality and the pleasures that come from those areas. This, however, is not
true. Most sports, including boxing, require much mental stimulation and
intellectual activities. Boxing is not just throwing punches at the other boxer
repeatedly, but rather takes a long, arduous thought-out processes of planning
a way to approach the match as well as strategizing a certain type of boxing against
a specific opponent. In the case of Rocky, this was Ivan Drago, the physically
superior Russian.
In order for sport to be considered
a utilitarian good, there needs to be a way to combine the physical aspect with
the higher pleasures of intellectual activity. Aside from the planning and
process of the athletes themselves, the venue of sports can be seen as a good
for spectator. Certain, as Schwartz points out, there is something more than
just physically impressive when seeing professional and top-tier athletes
perform. They can even be appreciated as aesthetically beautiful in two ways:
as an act of beauty in nature, and as an act of cultural accomplishment.
Certainly, this is the case in Rocky IV. First, in the terms of the sport being
seen as an act of natural beauty, the two boxers physically, in their stature
and appearance as well as movement, are aesthetically pleasing on their own but
also, in their movement around the ring and interactions between the punches
and breaks, can be appreciated like “the movement of a deer,” as Schwartz
alludes to.
More prominent, in Rocky IV,
however, is how it shows sports as an act of cultural accomplishment. Rocky IV,
released in 1985, certainly is a piece of film directed to those who
experienced the Cold War and negative feelings and fear towards Russia. Rocky
IV not only prays on this view of the Soviets as the enemy, but puts Rocky
against him playing the stereotypes up even more. Rocky trains in Russian
territory but in a completely different manner than Drago. Rocky does all of
his training through hard, physical labor performed in the wilderness and
outdoors, whereas Drago is trained with high-tech equipment and a strict
regiment imposed by his trainers who observe and design every aspect of his
life. Throughout the film, this distinction between the honest, hard-working
American and the physically superior, cold, and calculative (and possibly
cheating) Soviet is prayed upon, and reaches a culmination at the end of the
match, when Rocky defeats Drago. Not only is this a fairly thinly veiled
allusion to the superiority of the United States over Russia, but even the
Russians, throughout the match, switch their allegiance from the hero, Drago,
to the American, after seeing him fight with such a hard-nosed, “blue-collar”
type of attitude. Rocky IV, in this sense, portrays sport as an act of cultural
accomplishment, which would be defeating and conquering the Soviets.
Sports also show a sense of
cultural accomplishment on a more basic level. Simply put, they show the
advances of one’s culture and its value’s through the rules set forth in the
sport and how it is perceived by the people, such as baseball being “America’s
Favorite Pasttime.” By achieving such a name, the sport is shown as being
something that is revered by the people and holds a level of something more
than just a physical game, but something that is culturally appreciated and
valued at a higher level, as well as the knowledge and thought that is required
to understand the game and watch it.
Sports then, through the view of
Mill’s definition of Utility, can be seen as something greater than a mere
physical contest and pleasure, but also as an aesthetically, intellectually,
and culturally valued good.
I most certainly agree with the idea that sports can be aesthetically appealing. In the context of the movie I think one of the most appealing moments was at the very beginning where Rocky and Apollo are having their solo match and the camera freezes as they throw the first punch. One thing that I wonder about is the idea that some of these sports, such as boxing, are truly intellectually engaging. For example, in the essay by Reid he describes baseball as an intellectual sport but it seems that it is only that way for the coach. All of the complexities he mentioned were those only done by the coach, who then tells players what to do. In the case of boxing I will say that decisions are primarily on the boxer but since it is a martial art, most of what is done is a systematic formula essentially. The boxers aren't so much thinking as they are reacting to certain scenarios with counter-measures. That being said, I would have to agree that many sports are lesser pleasures, or at least are not higher pleasures due to intellectual activity.
ReplyDelete